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Contents. There are also other articles explaining common mistakes:. you can get when using OpenGL. Mistakes related to measuring.

when using deprecated functionality. Extensions and OpenGL Versions One of the possible mistakes related to this is to check for the presence of an, but instead using the corresponding core functions. The correct behavior is to check for the presence of the extension if you want to use the extension API, and check the GL version if you want to use the core API. In case of a, you should check for both the version and the presence of the extension; if either is there, you can use the functionality. The Object Oriented Language Problem In an object-oriented language like C, it is often useful to have a class that wraps an. For example, one might have a texture object that has a constructor and a destructor like the following.

GlTexImage2D ( GLTEXTURE2D, 0, GLRGBA8, width, height, 0, GLBGRA, GLUNSIGNEDBYTE, pixels ); This uses GLRGBA8 for the internal format. GLBGRA and GLUNSIGNEDBYTE (or GLUNSIGNEDINT8888 is for the data in pixels array. The driver will likely not have to perform any CPU-based conversion and DMA this data directly to the video card.

Benchmarking shows that on Windows and with nVidia and ATI/AMD, that this is the optimal format. Preferred pixel transfer formats and types can be. Depth Buffer Precision When you select a pixelformat for your window, and you ask for a, the depth buffer is typically stored as a with a bitdepth of 16, 24, or 32 bits. Note: You can create images with. But these can only be used with, not the.

In OpenGL, all depth values lie in the range 0, 1. The integer normalization process simply converts this floating-point range into integer values of the appropriate precision. It is the integer value that is stored in the depth buffer. Typically, 24-bit depth buffers will pad each depth value out to 32-bits, so 8-bits per pixel will go unused. However, if you ask for an 8-bit along with the depth buffer, the two separate images will generally be combined into a single.

24-bits will be used for depth, and the remaining 8-bits for stencil. Now that the misconception about depth buffers being floating point is resolved, what is wrong with this call? GlGenTextures ( 1, & textureID ); glBindTexture ( GLTEXTURE2D, textureID ); glTexImage2D ( GLTEXTURE2D, 0, GLRGBA8, width, height, 0, GLBGRA, GLUNSIGNEDBYTE, pixels ); The texture won't work because it is incomplete. The default GLTEXTUREMINFILTER state is GLNEARESTMIPMAPLINEAR. And because OpenGL defines the default GLTEXTUREMAXLEVEL to be 1000, OpenGL will expect there to be mipmap levels defined. Since you have only defined a single mipmap level, OpenGL will consider the texture incomplete until the GLTEXTUREMAXLEVEL is properly set, or the GLTEXTUREMINFILTER parameter is set to not use mipmaps.

Better code would be to use (if you have OpenGL 4.2 or ) to allocate the texture's storage, then upload with. GlGenTextures ( 1, & textureID ); glBindTexture ( GLTEXTURE2D, textureID ); glTexStorage2D ( GLTEXTURE2D, 1, GLRGBA8, width, height ); glTexSubImage2D ( GLTEXTURE2D, 0 ​, 0, 0, width ​, height ​, GLBGRA, GLUNSIGNEDBYTE, pixels ); This creates a texture with a single mipmap level, and sets all of the parameters appropriately. If you wanted to have multiple mipmaps, then you should change the 1 to the number of mipmaps you want. You will also need separate calls to upload each mipmap. If that is unavailable, you can get a similar effect from this code. GlGenTextures ( 1, & textureID ); glBindTexture ( GLTEXTURE2D, textureID ); glTexParameteri ( GLTEXTURE2D, GLTEXTUREBASELEVEL, 0 ); glTexParameteri ( GLTEXTURE2D, GLTEXTUREMAXLEVEL, 0 ); glTexImage2D ( GLTEXTURE2D, 0, GLRGBA8, width, height, 0, GLBGRA, GLUNSIGNEDBYTE, pixels ); Again, if you use more than one mipmaps, you should change the GLTEXTUREMAXLEVEL to state how many you will use (minus 1.

The base/max level is a closed range), then perform a (note the lack of 'Sub') for each mipmap. Automatic mipmap generation Mipmaps of a texture can be automatically generated with the function. OpenGL 3.0 or greater is required for this function (or the extension GLARBframebufferobject). The function works quite simply; when you call it for a texture, mipmaps are generated for that texture.

GlGenTextures ( 1, & textureID ); glBindTexture ( GLTEXTURE2D, textureID ); glTexStorage2D ( GLTEXTURE2D, nummipmaps, GLRGBA8, width, height ); glTexSubImage2D ( GLTEXTURE2D, 0 ​, 0, 0, width ​, height ​, GLBGRA, GLUNSIGNEDBYTE, pixels ); glGenerateMipmap ( GLTEXTURE2D ); //Generate nummipmaps number of mipmaps here. GlTexParameteri ( GLTEXTURE2D, GLTEXTUREWRAPS, GLREPEAT ); glTexParameteri ( GLTEXTURE2D, GLTEXTUREWRAPT, GLREPEAT ); glTexParameteri ( GLTEXTURE2D, GLTEXTUREMAGFILTER, GLLINEAR ); glTexParameteri ( GLTEXTURE2D, GLTEXTUREMINFILTER, GLLINEARMIPMAPLINEAR ); If texture storage is not available, you can use the older API. GlGenTextures ( 1, & textureID ); glBindTexture ( GLTEXTURE2D, textureID ); glTexImage2D ( GLTEXTURE2D, 0, GLRGBA8, width, height, 0, GLBGRA, GLUNSIGNEDBYTE, pixels ); glGenerateMipmap ( GLTEXTURE2D ); //Generate mipmaps now!!!

GlTexParameteri ( GLTEXTURE2D, GLTEXTUREWRAPS, GLREPEAT ); glTexParameteri ( GLTEXTURE2D, GLTEXTUREWRAPT, GLREPEAT ); glTexParameteri ( GLTEXTURE2D, GLTEXTUREMAGFILTER, GLLINEAR ); glTexParameteri ( GLTEXTURE2D, GLTEXTUREMINFILTER, GLLINEARMIPMAPLINEAR ). Warning: It has been reported that on some ATI drivers, glGenerateMipmap(GLTEXTURE2D) has no effect unless you precede it with a call to glEnable(GLTEXTURE2D) in this particular case. Once again, to be clear, bind the texture, glEnable, then glGenerateMipmap.

This is a bug and has been in the ATI drivers for a while. Perhaps by the time you read this, it will have been corrected. (glGenerateMipmap doesn't work on ATI as of 2011) Legacy Generation Warning: This section describes that have been removed from (they are only in OpenGL 3.0). It is recommended that you not use this functionality in your programs. OpenGL 1.4 is required for support for automatic mipmap generation.

GLGENERATEMIPMAP is part of the texture object state and it is a flag ( GLTRUE or GLFALSE). If it is set to GLTRUE, then whenever texture level 0 is updated, the mipmaps will all be regenerated.

GlGenTextures ( 1, & textureID ); glBindTexture ( GLTEXTURE2D, textureID ); glTexParameteri ( GLTEXTURE2D, GLTEXTUREWRAPS, GLREPEAT ); glTexParameteri ( GLTEXTURE2D, GLTEXTUREWRAPT, GLREPEAT ); glTexParameteri ( GLTEXTURE2D, GLTEXTUREMAGFILTER, GLLINEARMIPMAPLINEAR ); glTexParameteri ( GLTEXTURE2D, GLTEXTUREMINFILTER, GLLINEARMIPMAPLINEAR ); glTexParameteri ( GLTEXTURE2D, GLGENERATEMIPMAP, GLTRUE ); //Requires GL 1.4. Removed from GL 3.1 and above. GlTexImage2D ( GLTEXTURE2D, 0, GLRGBA8, width, height, 0, GLBGRA, GLUNSIGNEDBYTE, pixels ); This code doesn't. If it did, the developer would find that this code throws a GLINVALIDENUM.

The error is raised at. The magnification filter can't specify the use of mipmaps; only the minification filter can do that.

There are two alternative methods for:. Using, or. Calling (or group of function calls). The former is much simpler. For details on both, see: Checking For Errors When You Compile Your Shader Always check for.

Creating a Cubemap Texture It's best to set the wrap mode to GLCLAMPTOEDGE and not the other formats. Don't forget to define all 6 faces else the texture is considered incomplete.

Don't forget to setup GLTEXTUREWRAPR because cubemaps require 3D texture coordinates. Note: If you are curious as to what GLCLAMP used to mean, it referred to blending texture edge texels with border texels. This is different from GLCLAMPTOBORDER, where the clamping happens to a solid border color. The GLCLAMP behavior was tied to special border texels. Effectively, each texture had a 1-pixel border.

This was useful for having more easily seamless texturing, but it was never implemented in hardware directly. So it was removed. Updating a texture To change texels in an already existing 2d texture, use. GlBindTexture ( GLTEXTURE2D, textureID ); //A texture you have already created storage for glTexSubImage2D ( GLTEXTURE2D, 0, 0, 0, width, height, GLBGRA, GLUNSIGNEDBYTE, pixels ); creates the storage for the texture, defining the size/format and removing all previous pixel data. Only modifies pixel data within the texture. It can be used to update all the texels, or simply a portion of them. To copy texels from the framebuffer, use.

GlBindTexture(GLTEXTURE2D, textureID); //A texture you have already created storage for glCopyTexSubImage2D(GLTEXTURE2D, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, width, height); //Copy current read buffer to texture Note that there is a function, which does the copy to fill the image, but also defines the image size, format and so forth, just like. Render To Texture To render directly to a texture, without doing a copy as above, use.

Warning: NVIDIA's OpenGL driver has a known issue with using incomplete textures. If the texture is not texture complete, the FBO itself will be considered GLFRAMEBUFFERUNSUPPORTED, or will have GLFRAMEBUFFERINCOMPLETEATTACHMENT.

This is a driver bug, as the OpenGL specification does not allow implementations to return either of these values simply because a texture is not yet complete. Until this is resolved in NVIDIA's drivers, it is advised to make sure that all textures have mipmap levels, and that all values are properly set up for the format of the texture. For example, integral textures are not complete if the mag and min filters have any LINEAR fields.

Depth Testing Doesn't Work First, check to see if the is active. Make sure that glEnable has been called and an appropriate is active. Also make sure that the matches the depth function. Assuming all of that has been set up correctly, your framebuffer may not have a depth buffer at all. This is easy to see for a you created. For the, this depends entirely on how you created your.

For example, if you are using GLUT, you need to make sure you pass GLUTDEPTH to the glutInitDisplayMode function. No Alpha in the Framebuffer If you are doing and you need a destination alpha, you need to make sure that your render target has one. This is easy to ensure when rendering to a. But with a, it depends on how you created your.

For example, if you are using GLUT, you need to make sure you pass GLUTALPHA to the glutInitDisplayMode function. GlFinish and glFlush Use if you are rendering to the front buffer of the. It is better to have a double buffered window but if you have a case where you want to render to the window directly, then go ahead. There are a lot of tutorial website that suggest you do this.

GlFlush ; SwapBuffers ; This is unnecessary. The SwapBuffer command takes care of flushing and command processing.

The and functions deal with. In many cases, explicit synchronization like this is unnecessary. The use of can make it necessary, as can the use of. As such, you should only use when you are doing something that the specification specifically states will not be synchronous. GlDrawPixels Warning: This section describes that have been removed from (they are only in OpenGL 3.0). It is recommended that you not use this functionality in your programs.

For good performance, use a format that is directly supported by the GPU. Use a format that causes the driver to basically to a memcpy to the GPU. Most graphics cards support GLBGRA. GlDrawPixels ( width, height, GLBGRA, GLUNSIGNEDBYTE, pixels ); However, it is recommened that you use a texture instead and just update the texture with, possibly with.

GLDOUBLE Warning: This section describes that have been removed from (they are only in OpenGL 3.0). It is recommended that you not use this functionality in your programs. GlLoadMatrixd, glRotated and any other function that have to do with the double type. Most GPUs don't support GLDOUBLE (double) so the driver will convert the data to GLFLOAT (float) and send to the GPU. If you put GLDOUBLE data in a VBO, the performance might even be much worst than immediate mode (immediate mode means glBegin, glVertex, glEnd). GL doesn't offer any better way to know what the GPU prefers. Slow pixel transfer performance To achieve good performance, you need to use a pixel transfer format that the implementation can directly work with.

Consider this: ( GLTEXTURE2D, 0, GLRGBA8, width, height, 0, GLRGBA, GLUNSIGNEDBYTE, pixels); The problem is that the pixel transfer format GLRGBA may not be directly supported for GLRGBA8 formats. On certain platforms, the GPU prefers that red and blue be swapped ( GLBGRA). If you supply GLRGBA, then the driver may have to do the swapping for you which is slow. If you do use GLBGRA, the call to pixel transfer will be much faster. Keep in mind that for the 3rd parameter, it must be kept as GLRGBA8. This defines the texture's; the last three parameters describe how your.

The image format doesn't define the order stored by the texture, so the GPU is still allowed to store it internally as BGRA. Note that GLBGRA pixel transfer format is only preferred when uploading to GLRGBA8 images.

When dealing with other formats, like GLRGBA16, GLRGBA8UI or even GLRGBA8SNORM, then the regular GLRGBA ordering may be preferred. On which platforms is GLBGRA preferred? Making a list would be too long but one example is Microsoft Windows. Note that with GL 4.3 or, you can simply ask the implementation what is the preferred format with. Swap Buffers A modern OpenGL program should always use double buffering. A modern 3D OpenGL program should also have a depth buffer. Render sequence should be like this.

GlClear ( GLCOLORBUFFERBIT GLDEPTHBUFFERBIT GLSTENCILBUFFERBIT ); RenderScene ; SwapBuffers ( hdc ); //For Windows The buffers should always be cleared. On much older hardware, there was a technique to get away without clearing the scene, but on even semi-recent hardware, this will actually make things slower.

So always do the clear. The Pixel Ownership Problem If your windows is covered or if it is partially covered or if window is outside the desktop area, the GPU might not render to those portions. Reading from those areas may likewise produce garbage data. This is because those pixels fail the '.

Only pixels that pass this test have valid data. Those that fail have undefined contents. If this is a problem for you (note: it's only a problem if you need to read data back from the covered areas), the solution is to render to a and render to that. If you need to display the image, you can blit to the. Selection and Picking and Feedback Mode Warning: This section describes that have been removed from (they are only in OpenGL 3.0). It is recommended that you not use this functionality in your programs. A modern OpenGL program should not use the selection buffer or feedback mode.

These are not 3D graphics rendering features yet they have been added to GL since version 1.0. Selection and feedback runs in software (CPU side).

On some implementations, when used along with VBOs, it has been reported that performance is lousy. A modern OpenGL program should do color picking (render each object with some unique color and glReadPixels to find out what object your mouse was on) or do the picking with some 3rd party mathematics library. Point and line smoothing Warning: This section describes that have been removed from (they are only in OpenGL 3.0).

It is recommended that you not use this functionality in your programs. Users notice that on some implementation points or lines are rendered a little different then on others.

This is because the GL spec allows some flexibility. Consider this. GlPointSize ( 5.0 ); glHint ( GLPOINTSMOOTHHINT, GLNICEST ); glBlendFunc ( GLSRCALPHA, GLONEMINUSSRCALPHA ); glEnable ( GLBLEND ); glEnable ( GLPOINTSMOOTH ); RenderMyPoints ; On some hardware, the points will look nice and round; on others, they will look like squares. On some implementations, when you call glEnable(GLPOINTSMOOTH) or glEnable(GLLINESMOOTH) and you use shaders at the same time, your rendering speed goes down to 0.1 FPS.

This is because the driver does software rendering. This would happen on AMD/ATI GPUs/drivers. GlEnable(GLPOLYGONSMOOTH) This is not a recommended method for anti-aliasing. Color Index, The imaging subset Warning: This section describes that have been removed from (they are only in OpenGL 3.0). It is recommended that you not use this functionality in your programs.

Section 3.6.2 of the GL specification talks about the imaging subset. GlColorTable and related operations are part of this subset. They are typically not supported by common GPUs and are software emulated. It is recommended that you avoid it.

If you find that your texture memory consumption is too high, use. If you really want to use paletted color indexed textures, you can implement this yourself a texture and a. Bitfield enumerators Some OpenGL enumerators represent bits in a particular bitfield. All of these end in BIT (before any extension suffix).

Take a look at this example. GlEnable ( GLBLEND GLDRAWBUFFER ); // invalid glClear ( GLCOLORBUFFERBIT GLDEPTHBUFFERBIT GLSTENCILBUFFERBIT ); // valid The first line is wrong. Because neither of these enumerators ends in BIT, they are not bitfields and thus should not be OR'd together. By contrast, the second line is perfectly fine.

All of these end in BIT, so this makes sense. Triple Buffering You cannot control whether a driver does triple buffering. You could try to implement it yourself using a. But if the driver is already doing triple buffering, your code will only turn it into quadruple buffering. Which is usually overkill. Paletted textures Support for the extension has been dropped by the major GL vendors. If you really need paletted textures on new hardware, you may use shaders to achieve that effect.

Shader example. Int MaxTextureUnits; glGetIntegerv ( GLMAXTEXTUREUNITS, & MaxTextureUnits ); You should not use the above because it will give a low number on modern GPUs. In old OpenGL, each texture unit has its own texture environment state (glTexEnv), texture matrix, texture coordinate generation (glTexGen), texcoords (glTexCoord), clamp mode, mipmap mode, texture LOD, anisotropy. Then came the programmable GPU. There aren't texture units anymore. Today, you have texture image units (TIU) which you can get with.

Int MaxTextureImageUnits; glGetIntegerv ( GLMAXTEXTUREIMAGEUNITS, & MaxTextureImageUnits ); A TIU just stores the state, like the clamping, mipmaps, etc. They are independent of texture coordinates. You can use whatever texture coordinate to sample whatever TIU. Note that each shader stage has its own max texture image unit count. GLMAXTEXTUREIMAGEUNITS returns the count for only.

Each shader has its own maximum number of texture image units. The number of image units across all shader stages is queried with GLMAXCOMBINEDTEXTUREIMAGEUNITS; this is the limit of the number of textures that can be bound at any one time.

And this is the limit on the image unit to be passed to functions like. For most modern hardware, the image unit count will be at least 8 for most stages. Vertex shaders used to be limited to 4 textures on older hardware. All 3.x-capable hardware will return at least 16 for each stage. In summary, shader-based GL 2.0 and above programs should use GLMAXCOMBINEDTEXTUREIMAGEUNITS only. The number of texture coordinates should likewise be ignored; use generic vertex attributes instead. Disable depth test and allow depth writes In some cases, you might want to disable depth testing and still allow the depth buffer updated while you are rendering your objects.

It turns out that if you disable depth testing ( ), GL also disables writes to the depth buffer. The correct solution is to tell GL to ignore the depth test results with. Be careful because in this state, if you render a far away object last, the depth buffer will contain the values of that far object. GlGetFloatv glGetBooleanv glGetDoublev glGetIntegerv You find that these functions are slow.

That's normal. Any function of the glGet form will likely be slow. NVidia and ATI/AMD recommend that you avoid them. The GL driver (and also the GPU) prefer to receive information in the up direction.

You can avoid all glGet calls if you track the information yourself. Y-axis Almost everything in OpenGL uses a coordinate system, such that when X goes right, Y goes up. This includes pixel transfer functions and texture coordinates.

For example, takes the x and y position. The y-axis is considered from the bottom being 0 and the top being some value. This may seem counter intuitive to some who are used to their OS having the y-axis being inverted (your window's y axis is top to bottom and your mouse's coordinates are y axis top to bottom).

The solution is obvious for the mouse: windowHeight - mouseY. For textures, GL considers the y-axis to be bottom to top, the bottom being 0.0 and the top being 1.0.

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Some people load their bitmap to GL texture and wonder why it appears inverted on their model. The solution is simple: invert your bitmap or invert your model's texcoord by doing 1.0 - v. GlGenTextures in render function It seems as if some people create a texture in their render function. Don't create resources in your render function. That goes for all the other glGen function calls as well.

Don't read model files and create VBOs with them in your render function. Try to allocate resources at the beginning of your program. Release those resources when your program terminates. Worst yet, some create textures (or any other GL object) in their render function and never call. Every time their render function gets called, a new texture is created without releasing the old one! Bad znear value Warning: This section describes that have been removed from (they are only in OpenGL 3.0). It is recommended that you not use this functionality in your programs.

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Some users use gluPerspective or glFrustum and pass it a znear value of 0.0. They quickly find that z-buffering doesn't work. You can't have a znear value of 0.0 or less. If you were to use 0.0, the 3rd row, 4th column of the projection matrix will end up being 0.0. If you use a negative value, you would end up with wrong rendering results on screen.

Both znear and zfar need to be above 0.0. GluPerspective will not raise a GL error. GlFrustum will generate a GLINVALIDVALUE. As for glOrtho, yes you can use negative values for znear and zfar. The explains how vertices are transformed. Bad Array Size We are going to give this example with GL 1.1 but the same principle applies if you are using or any other feature from a future version of OpenGL.

What's wrong with this code?